The Whiskey Rebellion: George Washington, Alexander Hamilton, and the Frontier Rebels who Challenged America's Newfound Sovereignty by William Hogeland. The rebellion lasted from January 29, 1877, until September of that year, when it was decisively crushed and its leader, Saig Takamori, was shot and mortally wounded. The Satsuma Rebellion: An Episode of Modern Japanese History (1879) Author: Augustus Henry Mounsey. Saigo was shot through the femur in the last suicide charge and one of his companions cut off his head and hid it from the imperial troops to preserve his honor. Just about 400 or 500 of the Satsuma samurai escaped the mountain slope on August 19, including Saigo Takamori. In the meantime, on March 9 Saig, Kirino, and Shinohara were stripped of their court ranks and titles.[3]. His lord, Kimotsuki Hisakane ( , 1641-1709), who was a retainer of the Satsuma fief, sent Yasusada () to study with the 57 th generation Naminohira smith . In the end, the dispute with Korea came to a head only in 1875 when a Japanese ship sailed to Korean shores, provoking artillery there into opening fire. Two describe a bullet wound to the hip or thigh. As the siege wore on, the rebels ran low on munitions, prompting them to switch back to their swords. A reproduction of the same statue stands on Okinoerabujima, where Saig had been exiled. Its name comes from the Satsuma Domain, which had been influential in the Restoration and became home to unemployed samurai after military reforms rendered their status obsolete. . He was one of the most influential samurai in Japanese history and one of the three great nobles who led the Meiji Restoration. (2021, September 7). The rebellion was very expensive for the government, which forced it to make numerous monetary reforms including leaving the gold standard. He was succeeded by his 15-year-old son, Mutsuhito, who would later become known as the Meiji Emperor. The Satsuma Rebellion : Illustrated Japanese History - the Last Stand of the Samurai by Wilson, Sean and a great selection of related books, art and collectibles available now at AbeBooks.com. These cookies track visitors across websites . On the same day, Saig met with his lieutenants Kirino Toshiaki and Shinohara Kunimoto and announced his intention of marching to Tokyo to ask questions of the government. As tensions increased, in January 1877, the central government sent a ship to seize munitions stores from Kagoshima. Although the samurai were heavily outnumbered, they made a heroic stand and counterattack against the Japanese Army and showed their legendary skills off to the world in their final fight. After the Restoration the condition of things became less unsettled in Mito, and to some extent also in Choshiu. Sources of the Meiji Restoration. Saig Takamori (Takanaga) ( (), January 23, 1828 September 24, 1877) was a Japanese samurai and nobleman. This fighter's primary weapon is a percussion rifle, and the only other 'modern' element of his D: THE SATSUMA REBELLION, 1877 appearance is a white crossbelt supporting a cap pouch on D1: Highranking samurai, rebel army his chest and a cartridge pouch behind his right hip. During war, the mountain artillery had a nominal strength of 160 men per battery and field artillery had 130 men per battery. Dr. Kallie Szczepanski is a history teacher specializing in Asian history and culture. However, Northeastern domains led by Aizu continued to fight on the shogun's behalf until September., when they surrendered to Saigo, who treated them fairly, furthering his fame as a symbol of samurai virtue. Main article: Satsuma Rebellion Portrait of Saig Takamori, faithful depiction by the acquaintance Tokonami Masayoshi in 1887 Saig preparing for war Shortly thereafter, a private military academy known as the Shi-gakk was established in Kagoshima for the faithful samurai who had also resigned their posts to follow him from Tokyo. It contains an account of the battle, listing the number of cannons used, etc. By 1877, he sided with rebel forces and fought in what's now known as the Satsuma Rebellion. The rebellion lasted from January 29, 1877, until September of that year, when it was decisively crushed, and its leader, Saig Takamori, was shot and mortally wounded. With an army in place, the Meiji government summoned the remaining daimyo to Tokyo in mid-July, 1871 and abruptly announced that the domains were dissolved and the lords' authorities abolished. The Meiji Era controlled most of Japan, except for a small area in the southwestern part of Japan, which was the Satsuma. Saigo was disgusted by this treacherous tactic as well. [4], Word of Saig's academies was greeted with considerable concern in Tokyo. imported from Wikimedia project. His father, Saigo Kichibei, was a low-ranking samurai tax official who only managed to scrape by despite his samurai status. Arguably one of the most influential samurai, especially during the fall of the samurai class during the transition into the Meiji period, he led the Satsuma Rebellion in 1877, which marked the last of a series of uprisings against the new Meiji government. Read 7 reviews from the world's largest community for readers. ThoughtCo, Sep. 7, 2021, thoughtco.com/the-satsuma-rebellion-195570. By clicking Accept All Cookies, you agree to the storing of cookies on your device to enhance site navigation, analyze site usage, and assist in our marketing efforts. into one of Japan's leading private universities, with a student body of nearly 14,000 and a multinational faculty of some 1,500 as of 2019. The year 2018 has seen many events in Japan marking 150 years since the Meiji Restoration. Saigo Takamori likely was killed in the initial barrage, although tradition holds that he was just gravely injured and committed seppuku. However, Yamagata was determined to leave nothing to chance. By August 17, the Satsuma army had been reduced to 3000 combatants, and had lost most of its modern firearms and all of its artillery. ISBN-10: 1142113523. [9], A Japanese hand fan commemorating the event, which survives in the collection of the Staten Island Historical Society in New York, features a depiction of Saig Takamori in a scene labeled (in English) "The Battle Near the Citadel of Kumamoto".[10]. Later woodcut prints depicted the rebel leader kneeling to commit traditional seppuku, but that would not have been possible given his filariasis and shattered leg. The samurai then attacked imperial facilities around the province, seizing weapons and parading them through the streets of Kagoshima. 1794 by H.M. Brackenridge. 2 Army, Colt M1861 Navy, and the Russian Model 1857 Six Line muzzleloading rifles that could fire approximately one round per minute. to undertake publication of Monumenta Nipponica despite these problems symbolized the founders' commitment to SAIGO's forces were crushed on September 24, 1877 (Meiji 10) in the face of a general attack by government forces. However, the Satsuma army was able to cut its way free from encirclement. At the start of the Satsuma Rebellion, the Imperial Japanese Army (including the Imperial Guard) numbered approximately 34,000 men. Saig did insist, however, that Japan should go to war with Korea in the Seikanron debate of 1873 due to Korea's refusal to recognize the legitimacy of the Emperor Meiji as head of state of the Empire of Japan, and insulting treatment meted out to Japanese envoys attempting to establish trade and diplomatic relations. . Bonded by their distaste for the shogunate, Choshu and Satsuma gradually formed an alliance. There are no published reports by eyewitnesses. A Long History of Japanese Women Warriors, Biography of Toyotomi Hideyoshi, 16th Century Unifier of Japan, Overview of the Tokugawa Shogunate of Japan, Bushido: The Ancient Code of the Samurai Warrior, Russo-Japanese War: Admiral Togo Heihachiro, J.D., University of Washington School of Law, B.A., History, Western Washington University. The Satsuma rebellion furnishes themes for the illustrators. On July 24, the Imperial Army forced Saig out of Miyakonoj, followed by Nobeoka. By . [3], Saig Takamori, one of the senior Satsuma leaders in the Meiji government who had initially supported the reforms, was especially concerned about growing political corruption - popular prints depicted the rebel army with banners bearing the words shinsei-ktoku (, new government, high morality). This opposition reached the boiling point in 1876 when the central government banned samurai from carrying swords and stopped paying them stipends. Saig's death brought the Satsuma Rebellion to an end. Economic effects of the Satsuma Rebellion resulted in the passing of the Act of February 4, 1877, which reduced the land tax from 3% to 2.5%. The schools resembled paramilitary political organizations more than anything else, and they enjoyed the support of the governor of Satsuma, who appointed disaffected samurai to political offices, where they came to dominate the Kagoshima government. #ga-ad {display: none;} Monumenta Nipponica. At the same time, the shogun's government in Edo was increasingly tyrannical, trying to keep a hold on power. At one point, he offered to visit Korea in person and to provoke a casus belli by behaving in such an insulting manner that the Koreans would be forced to kill him. The Satsuma Rebellion: An Episode of Modern Japanese History ; With Maps. How the Samurai Ended During the Satsuma Rebellion. Why educator David Tarvin "thinks in Prezi" Feb. 13, 2023. . The Satsuma Rebellion which took place in 1877was the most famous, and the final major instance out of a series of shizoku rebellionsled in the late 1870s by former samuraiof southwestern Japan against the prospect of the Meiji governmentabolishing their elite status and the rice stipends which had traditionally been the samurai's chief or sole Find more at www.forgottenbooks.com This book is a reproduction of an important historical work. She has taught at the high school and university levels in the U.S. and South Korea. RF HA13E4 - The donjon or central keep of the castle is a reconstruction built in the 1970s of the original sacked and burned during the AD.1877 Satsuma rebellion RM P3P0W0 - Battle of Seinan (1877)from Dainihon Rekishi Nishikie, published between late Edo and early Meiji period, Artist Yoshusai (Toyohara) Chikanobu, Private Collection. From Kagoshima Through the Siege of Kumamoto Castle." It is not clear what was done with Saig's head immediately after his death. The Battle of Shiroyama: The final battle of the Satsuma Rebellion, this battle serves as the basis for the final battle scene in the film. Early on February 22, the Satsuma attack began. There, the situation was complicated by the existence of no less than three parties two conservative groups led, respectively, by the old noble Shimadzu, the father of the young ex-daimio, and by the elder Saigo, the latter being at once the most influential and most numerous; and a thirdthe party of reformwhich looked for guidance, among other prominent men, to Okubo, Kuroda, Matsugata, Kawamura and the younger Saigo. Illustration of the Navy Landing at Sukuchi Village (battle of Tabaruzaka Hill), Kagoshima Shinbun: Illustration of the Battle of Yamagaguchi, March 1877. In the autumn of 1875 it was already in a flourishing condition, and in the course of the following year there were in Kagoshima alone some seven thousand pupils, or associates. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). Living during the late Edo and early Meiji periods, he later led the Satsuma Rebellion against the Meiji government. In reality it was a military college. by W. W. McLaren (page images at HathiTrust) Call Number: E315 .H64 2006. In real life, Saig initially led the Imperial forces and won the four-day Battle of Toba-Fushimi in January 1868. List Price: $32.75. However, despite their successes, the Satsuma army failed to take the castle, and began to realize that the conscript army was not as ineffective as first assumed. ThoughtCo. Conscription System in Japan Author : Ogawa, Gataro Year- 1921 Type- book "The Satsuma Rebellion led Japan to turn over a new leaf. In July, the Emperor's army encircled Saigo's men, but the Satsuma army fought its way free with heavy casualties. Datasets available include LCSH, BIBFRAME, LC Name Authorities, LC Classification, MARC codes, PREMIS vocabularies, ISO language codes, and more. Small-scale rebellions broke out around Japan, and the shogun's troops proved shockingly unable to put down the uprisings. On February 22, the main Satsuma army arrived and attacked Kumamoto castle in a pincer movement. [citation needed]. Satire picture of Boshin War, diptych. Many native infantryman (sepoys) believed that these new cartridges introduced in early 1857 had been greased by cow and pig fat. In order to concentrate power, Tokyo needed a national military, rather than relying on the domain lords to supply troops. The Satsuma Rebellion was a samurai rebellion against the imperial government of Japan which occurred from 29 January to 24 September 1877 on the island of Kyushu. Roughly one-half of the work is devoted to the entire course of the rebellion. During the battle of Shiroyama, Saig was badly injured in the hip. Their artillery consisted of 28 5-pounders, two 16-pounders, and 30 mortars. The Daimyo of Satsuma was one of the most powerful and aggressive of the . However, a government garrison at Kumamoto Castle stood in the Satsuma rebels' path, manned by about 3,800 soldiers and 600 police under Major General Tani Tateki. ISBN-13: 9781437338997. Szczepanski, Kallie. On January 3, 1868, the Boshin War began with Saigo's army of 5,000 marching forward to attack the shogun's army, numbering three times as many men. The myth stems from the fact that the legions used a phalanx system with spears as primary system before the manipel system was introduced and the Gladius became thr primary weapon for most of the empire. Add to Wish List Link to this Book Add to Bookbag Sell this Book Buy it at Amazon Compare Prices. Saigo Takamori was born on January 23, 1828, in Kagoshima, Satsuma's capital, the oldest of seven children. The first thing about which historians often comment is the period's stability. Made by Takamura Kun, it was unveiled on December 18, 1898. Corrections? Outraged by the government's tactics, 50 students from Saig's academy attacked the Somuta Arsenal and carried off weapons. Along with troops from Aizu, Saigo's massive army marched on Choshu, where he negotiated a peaceful settlement rather than launching an attack. On February 13 and 14, the Satsuma domain's army of 12,900 organized itself into units. He also cancelled scholarships for Japanese students abroad and fired foreign experts.[8]. Already a popular figure, after his death, Saigo Takamori was lionized by the Japanese people. Details; Description; By clicking Accept All Cookies, you agree to the storing of cookies on your device to enhance site navigation, analyze site usage, and assist in our marketing efforts. Request Permissions. Saigo Takamori: The Last Samurai. The shogunate's troops were well-armed, but their leaders had no consistent strategy, and they failed to cover their own flanks. 20-11-2011 19:18:05 ZULU. The line infantry was divided into 14 regiments of three battalions each. "Southwestern War") was a revolt of disaffected samurai against the new imperial government, nine years into the Meiji Era. . 4, Sophia University, JSTOR, 1973. Augustus Henry Mounsey. For terms and use, please refer to our Terms and Conditions However, the exact manner of his death is unknown. In real life, Saig initially led the Imperial forces and won the four-day Battle of Toba-Fushimi in January 1868. The rebellion lasted from January 29, 1877, until September . Some legends say Saig's manservant hid the head, and it was later found by a government soldier. His political organizing ran afoul of the new daimyo, however, who had him arrested and banished to a different small island just four months after his return from Amami. English Wikipedia. Next, I stated the cause of the rebellion and the reaction of the Japanese government. ISBN-10: 1437338992. Founded in 1938 and published semiannually by Sophia University, Monumenta Nipponica (MN) is one of the oldest English-language academic journals in the field of Asian studies. He did not want to rebel, still feeling deep personal loyalty to the Meiji Emperor, but announced on February 7 that he would go to Tokyo to "question" the central government. This file contains additional information such as Exif metadata which may have been added by the digital camera, scanner, or software program used to create or digitize it. ThoughtCo. Has part or parts. 0 references. Legend says that one of his followers, Beppu Shinsuke, acted as kaishakunin and aided Saig in committing seppuku before he could be captured. He was born on May 26 th in the fourth year of Keian (, 1651). Themes In Keeper N Me. [9] On 22 February 1889, Emperor Meiji pardoned Saig posthumously. On his return to Kobe on February 12, Hayashi met with General Yamagata Aritomo and It Hirobumi, and it was decided that the Imperial Japanese Army would need to be sent to Kagoshima to prevent the revolt from spreading to other areas of the country sympathetic to Saig. Many former samurai from the area joined Saigo's army, increasing his force to 20,000. traffic source, etc. Mark Ravina, the author of The Last Samurai: The Life and Battles of Saigo Takamori, argued that "Satsuma Rebellion" is not the best name for the war because the English name does not well represent the war and its Japanese name. Later this would turn out to be a pivotal decision since Choshu was Satsuma's major ally in the Boshin War. This was witnessed by the American sea captain John Capen Hubbard. Satsuma Rebellion. After months of fighting the Satsuma forces had dwindled to approx 400 . However, the Imperial Army was likewise depleted, and fighting was suspended for several weeks to permit reinforcement. 7. It signaled the beginning of the Japanese Imperial Army's rise to domination in eastern Asia, which would end only with Japan's eventual defeat in World War II almost seven decades later. In order to cut Saig off from his base, an imperial force with three warships, 500 policemen, and several companies of infantry landed in Kagoshima on March 8, seized arsenals, and took Satsuma's governor into custody. Because of the Satsuma Rebellion, the government faced serious financial difficulties. opposition to the Meiji Restoration In Japan: Abolition of feudalism the greatest, revolt came in Satsuma in 1877. Page 1 of 17 - About 161 Essays Improved Essays. All three accounts report that the body was decapitated. He led his samurai straight up the middle of Kyushu, planning to cross the straits and march on Tokyo. Wikipedia. Tensions with the government mounted after members of the private-school faction raided an ammunitions depot in early 1877 (Meiji 10), and secret agents were dispatched by the government to Kagoshima to spy on them. As a peer-reviewed international forum for researchers across the globe, it carries original scholarly contributions on premodern and modern history, literature, art history, religion, and thought; translations of important Japanese literary and historical sources; and authoritative reviews of recent books on Japan. The artillery battalion was divided into 2 batteries with 130 men per battery. The Shigakko students heard that the Meiji ship was coming and emptied the arsenal before it arrived. A primary source of its causes and events. Japan Currency Museum. Armed uprisings erupted successively in the Chugoku Region (western Honshu) and Kyushu, with the protagonists arguing for going through with the conquest of Korea and restoring samurai privileges. revolt of disaffected samurai against the new imperial government, nine years into the Meiji Era. Ten years passed after the Restoration, and during that time order was gradually restored within the country. 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